MedImmune and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) are developing a recombinant, bivalent virus-like particle (VLP) HPV vaccine, Cervarix®, for the prevention of cervical cancer, which is formulated with a proprietary GSK adjuvant system, AS04. AS04 includes another proprietary adjuvant, MPL® (monophosphoryl lipid A), which SmithKline Beecham (SKB) licensed from Corixa in three agreements in the 1990s; the third of these, in December 1996, specifi cally and exclusively included HPV vaccines.