There had been more than 48 studies that have computed the rate of success or failure inherent within the pharmaceuticals industry’s drug development process since 1990. Attrition rates within different phases of the drug development process is fundamental to number of pharmaceutical management activities including estimations of the costs of drug development, portfolio planning or management and as a metric of the productivity and efficiency of the R&D process. Attrition rates are vital because of their use in calculating an expected net present value (eNPV) for products over their developmental and commercial lifetime. The analyst article states that these values will use the accepted industry standard attrition rates, which could be applied without too much conflict by both parties during licensing negotiations.